Pure tungsten (W) is an exceptionally strong, dense, refractory metal with unique characteristics, primarily known for having the highest melting point of all metals. It is used extensively in high-temperature and high-stress applications.
Key Features of Pure Tungsten
Highest Melting Point: Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals at approximately 3,422 C (6,192 F), making it indispensable for applications requiring thermal stability in extreme heat.
High Density: It is an extremely dense metal, with a density of around 19.3 g/cm, comparable to gold and uranium. This property makes it ideal for applications needing high mass in a small volume, such as weights and radiation shielding.
Exceptional Strength and Hardness: It is one of the strongest metals at room temperature and retains its mechanical properties at high temperatures. Tungsten's carbide form is nearly as hard as diamond.
Low Thermal Expansion: Tungsten has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal, a property that makes it useful for glass-to-metal seals.
Good Electrical and Thermal Conductivity: It possesses good thermal and electrical conductivity (about one-third of copper), making it valuable for use in electronics and heating elements.
Corrosion Resistance: Chemically, tungsten is relatively inert at room temperature and exhibits excellent resistance to most mineral acids and corrosion, although it can oxidize at elevated temperatures.
Brittleness (under standard conditions): While pure single-crystalline tungsten can be ductile, polycrystalline tungsten is intrinsically a brittle and hard material under standard conditions, which can pose challenges for certain fabrication processes.
Low Vapor Pressure: It has the lowest vapor pressure of all metals at high temperatures.
Non-Magnetic: Pure tungsten is considered paramagnetic, meaning it is only weakly attracted to magnetic fields and does not retain magnetism, a useful property in sensitive electronic and medical applications.
Common Applications
These features make pure tungsten and its alloys suitable for a wide range of demanding applications:
Lighting: Filaments for incandescent light bulbs and halogen lamps.
Electronics: Electrical contacts, electrodes, and components in integrated circuits and vacuum tubes.
High-Temperature Applications: Components for high-temperature furnaces, rocket nozzles, and fusion reactors.
Medical Technology: Radiation shielding for X-ray and CT scanning equipment.
Tooling and Defense: Tungsten carbide is used for cutting tools, drill bits, and armor-piercing projectiles.
Weights and Counterbalances: Used in aircraft and race cars due to its high density.
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